In conclusion, it was evident that some measures of canine stress changed significantly from baseline after exposure to these stress-inducing events, suggesting the situations elicited a negative emotional response in dogs. Some measures of stress in dogs were positively affected following administration of CBD, suggesting it may have efficacy as an intervention for acute stress in dogs. As such, the present study determined that a single 4 mg/kg dose of CBD positively influences some behavioral and physiological parameters in dogs after exposure to two different stressful events.

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• Preclinical evidence strongly supports the potential of CBD as a treatment for anxiety 
• In dogs, anxiety is responsible for depression, aggressiveness, restlessness and destructive and compulsive behaviors; it also impacts dogs’ quality of life in a significant and negative way
• Cats have similar anxiety-related behaviors, with restlessness, trembling, aggression and decreased appetite being the most worrying problems. Isolation and anti-social attitudes are also common
• 68.75% of the studies reviewed demonstrated the anxiolytic effects of CBD
• CBD reduced experimentally-induced anxiety in healthy subjects and reduced anxiety in patients with social anxiety disorders (SAD)
• Systemically administered CBD reduced acute increases in heart rate and blood pressure produced by states of heightened anxiety
• CBD blocked reconsolidation of unpleasant memories in rats and enhanced extinction of fear memories in healthy humans
• Human experimental studies put into evidence CBD’s excellent safety profile and minimal sedative effects

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• During CBD treatment, dogs’ pain decreased with pain scores dropping from 21 to 14 (0-50 scale)
• Use of CBD oil result in a 12% increase in dogs’ activity 
• No side effects were reported by owners.  
• These clinic results suggest that the use of 2 mg/kg CBD twice a day can increase the comfort and activity of dogs suffering from osteoarthritis 

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• TNF-α is a proinflammatory molecule with increased expression and present in high pathological levels in canine atopic dermatitis
• IL-6 (proinflammatory molecule) production is boosted in atopic dermatitis and its blockage can help improving this disease
• Both TNF-α and IL-6 are associated with the pathogenesis of arthritis in dogs 
• CBD reduced the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 (molecules that drive the inflammatory response) in an ex vivo model of inflammation in canine blood cells
• The TNF-α to IL-10 (pro-inflammatory molecule) ratio is a marker of the balance between key pro- and anti-inflammatory levels
• Treatment with CBD restored the TNF-α to IL-10 ratio to a healthy balance 
• CBD also reduced NF-κB activation (NF-κB is a regulator of the inflammatory response and of many pro-inflammatory cytokines)
• Finally, administration of CBD to the inflamed cells resulted in a lower COX-2 (which is upregulated in inflammation) expression 

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial allergic disease that affects up to 27% of dogs and is associated with immune dysfunction and abnormal skin barrier
• Due to elevated costs and side effects of traditional medication, natural treatments are constantly being developed
• Cannabidiol was able to downregulate key actors involved in the development and progression of this dermatological disease
• Treatment with CBD + polyphenols showed an ability to revert the overexpression of canine AD key inflammatory genes
• This study’s results provide groundwork for CBD application in sustained drug therapy or relapse prevention in atopic dermatitis

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• The endocannabinoid system participates in skin equilibrium via CB1 and CB2 and TRPV receptors
• Pre-clinical studies illustrate evidence of the hair regrowth benefits of antagonizing the CB1 receptors and over stimulating TRPV1 with CBD
• CBD has also been shown to result in hair elongation and to maintain the hair follicle in the growing phase of the hair cycle
• The study showed a 93.5% increase in nonvellus (new) hair after six months of treatment with topical CBD
• No side effects were reported 
• Growth of new hair it’s a way of reviving and replacing the damaged hair in your dog's fur
• New hair is healthier, shinier and softer than old damaged hair, since it hasn't been in contact with the harmful stimuli of the environment 

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• This study brings to light the safety profile of CBD for both dogs and cats
• CBD administration had no effect on food intake and body weight
• No abnormal physical examinations, changes in behavior or organ dysfunction were detected after CBD administration in both dogs and cats
• The administration of 4mg/kg of CBD daily to dogs and cats was well tolerated and not harmful 
• CBD consumption by healthy dogs and cats did not alter blood analysis nor serum chemistry, supporting the secure and harmless profile of CBD 
• Once again, this study provides foundation for the therapeutic use of CBD, since its properties have been vastly demonstrated and its safety evaluated

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• Dogs treated with CBD had a significant reduction in seizure frequency, compared with the placebo group 
• No adverse behavioral effects were reported by owners 
• CBD had no reported proconvulsive effects
• Side effects like somnolence, loss of appetite, and diarrhea were not reported in the present study

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) positively impact human and animal health in a variety of systems, including the cardiovascular and neurological
• Essential fatty acids (EFAs) cannot be produced by animals and must be obtained through the diet
• Linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid (omega 6 and 3, respectively) are essential to the well being and enhanced health of both humans and companion animals
• This study concluded that hempseed oil has a content of over 80% in PUFAs and is exceptionally rich in omega 6 and 3
• The ratio of omega 6 to 3 in hemp seeds is the optimal one and the one associated with little heart disease prevalence
• The protein profile of hempseed oil is equally beneficial, containing some of the essential amino acids  
• The study proved that the claimed healing and therapeutic properties of hempseed oil are supported by its nutritious profile 
• Hempseed oil is an excellent source of nutrition and has been effectively demonstrated as an useful addition to animal diet 

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• CBD oil administration had little effect on food intake and physical activity 
• There was no difference in the adverse effect profile of CBD oil when compared to its control group
• Administration of CBD oil up to a dose of 62mg/kg per day resulted in mild side effects only and these side effects were also detected in the corresponding placebo group
• No moderate or clinically significant adverse effects were reported after  administration of CBD oil up to 62mg/kg daily
• The study provides novel data that separates the safety and tolerability of dose escalation of oil formulations predominant in CBD, THC, or CBD + THC (1.5:1) 
• There was a clear distinction in the safety profile of the CBD oil when compared to THC or CBD+THC oil, with CBD oil being the most well tolerated
• The study supports the safe and tolerable profile of CBD oil even when administered up to 62mg/kg daily, which is considered a much higher dose than would be anticipated for clinical use
• Normally recommended doses range from 0.5 to 8mg/kg

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• Hypercholesterolemia (HC) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol; it’s a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases that, in turn, are the major cause of mortality
• In dogs, high cholesterol levels are rather common and underdiagnosed; it is uncommon for it to lead to heart diseases, but it does put pets at risk for a series of negative conditions
• Hypercholesterolemia in dogs may lead to: vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and distention, decreased appetite, anorexia, pancreatitis, fat deposit on the cornea or eye (which in turn lead to white patches on the surface of the eye, inflammation or even blindness), skin abnormalities (itching and hair loss) and seizure activity
• In cats, HC can cause cutaneous lesions and peripheral neuropathies (nerve disease)
• Hempseed is abundant in healthy fatty acids, proteins, fiber, vitamins and has an optimal ratio of omega 6:omega 3
• The study put into evidence the antioxidant capacity of hempseed
• The hempseed diet was able to decrease the levels of cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides and increase the HDL levels
• In regard to the ameliorative effect of hempseed on hypercholesterolemia, the hempseed diet was able to reduce the aorta thickness (cause by a high fat diet), indicating that hempseed administration prevents the development of atherosclerotic changes as indicated by lesser intimal damage, lipid deposition, and and lesion surface area
• Finally, hempseed demonstrated protection from certain pathological indicators of cardiovascular insults that were present in rats that were fed a high-fat diet
• The anti-hypercholesterolemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of hempseed were well documented in the current study and it therefore proposes the therapeutic potential of hemp in HC-associated diseases

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• Repeated CBD administration was well tolerated by dogs and no clinically relevant changes were observed related to the administration of any dose of CBD
• Veterinary examinations revealed no clinically important abnormal findings
• No observable differences between groups were detected in motor activity, ophthalmologic examinations, systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), ECG and complete blood count (CBC) analysis 
• All adverse effects were mild and self-limiting, required no intervention, and occurred across all treatment groups, including the placebo group
• There was a greater frequency in side effects in the 12mg/kg group with hypersalivation being the most common one
• The most notable change was the increase in serum ALP (liver enzyme) activity; these increases began to decrease after 2 weeks of treatment and not all dogs developed this change, suggesting that such increase may not be a hallmark of CBD administration but an adaptive response. The dogs that had higher ALP activity didn´t show any sign of hepatocellular degeneration indicating it is an adaptive rather than adverse response to drug exposure